Date of Award

Spring 5-2-2025

Document Type

Honors Project

Degree Name

Bachelor of Arts

Department

Classics, Philosophy, and Religion

Department Chair or Program Director

Mentore, Laura

First Advisor

Dr. Angela Pitts

Major or Concentration

Classics

Abstract

Neuroscience is often described as one of the youngest bodies of science, but documented study of the brain begins as early as the Neolithic period. The ancient Mediterranean was a hub for science, mathematics, philosophy, and literature, all disciplines necessary for the study of the brain. Evidence of neurosurgical procedures like trepanation and craniotomy began in the Neolithic period and were practiced and improved upon throughout the ancient Mediterranean. The first detailed studies on brain anatomy were carried out in the 3rd century BCE in Greece which created a necessary structure for future scientists to build on. While many theories of the brain from antiquity have since proven false, multiple theories of function, cognition, sensation, and perception from ancient scientific sources and literary sources echo findings that are foundational for modern neuroscience. The brain’s complexity and ability to change is why it has required centuries of exploration to reach our current understanding. We have the same goal as then, the only major change between then and now is access to modern technology and the speed of information. By examining the similarities and differences of ancient and modern neuroscience we can create a concise timeline of our understanding of the brain.

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